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How Long Can a Bull Shark Live in Freshwater

Written By Wednesday 16 February 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of fish

Bull shark

Temporal range: Miocene–Recent

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Carcharhinus leucas, Koh Phangan.jpg
Bull shark from Thailand
Bull shark size.svg

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN 3.one)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Course: Chondrichthyes
Superorder: Selachimorpha
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Carcharhinidae
Genus: Carcharhinus
Species:

C. leucas

Binomial proper name
Carcharhinus leucas

(J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839)
Cypron-Range Carcharhinus leucas.svg
Range of bull shark

The balderdash shark (Carcharhinus leucas), too known as the "Zambezi shark" (informally "zambi") in Africa, and "Lake Nicaragua shark" in Nicaragua, is a requiem shark commonly found worldwide in warm, shallow waters along coasts and in rivers. It is known for its aggressive nature, and presence in warm, shallow brackish and freshwater systems including estuaries and rivers.

Bull sharks can thrive in both salt and fresh water and can travel far up rivers. They take been known to travel up the Mississippi River as far as Alton, Illinois,[3] about 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) from the ocean. Nonetheless, few freshwater human being-shark interactions have been recorded. Larger-sized bull sharks are probably responsible for the majority of near-shore shark attacks, including many bites attributed to other species.[4]

Unlike the river sharks of the genus Glyphis, bull sharks are not true freshwater sharks, despite their ability to survive in freshwater habitats.

Etymology

The proper name "bull shark" comes from the shark'due south stocky shape, wide, flat snout, and aggressive, unpredictable behavior.[v] In Republic of india, the bull shark may exist confused with the Sundarbans or Ganges shark. In Africa, it is also unremarkably called the Zambezi River shark, or merely "zambi".

Its wide range and diverse habitats effect in many other local names, including Ganges River shark, Fitzroy Creek whaler, van Rooyen's shark, Lake Nicaragua shark,[6] river shark, freshwater whaler, estuary whaler, Swan River whaler,[7] cub shark, and shovelnose shark.[8]

Evolution

Some of the bull shark'south closest living relatives exercise non have the capabilities of osmoregulation. Its genus, Carcharhinus, also includes the sandbar shark, which is non capable of osmoregulation.[9]

The bull shark shares numerous similarities with river sharks of the genus Glyphis, and other species in the genus Carcharhinus, but its phylogeny has non been cleared yet.[10]

Anatomy and advent

Bull sharks are large and stout, with females being larger than males. The bull shark tin be up to 81 cm (2 ft eight in) in length at birth.[11] Woman bull sharks average 2.four thousand (8 ft) long and typically counterbalance 130 kg (290 lb), whereas the slightly smaller adult male averages ii.25 g (7 ft) and 95 kg (209 lb). While a maximum size of three.five k (xi ft) is commonly reported, a single record exists of a female specimen of exactly four.0 m (13 ft).[4] [12] [13] Bull sharks are wider and heavier than other requiem sharks of comparable length, and are grey on top and white beneath. The second dorsal fin is smaller than the start. The bull shark's caudal fin is longer and lower than that of the larger sharks, and it has a small snout, and lacks an interdorsal ridge.[11]

Bull sharks have a bite force up to 5,914 newtons (1,330 lbf), weight for weight the highest among all investigated cartilaginous fishes.[fourteen]

  • A female at the Shark Reef Marine Reserve, a individual project in Republic of the fiji islands

  • Upper teeth

  • Lower teeth

Exceptional specimens

It was considered that 315 kg (694 lb) was the maximum recorded weight of a bull shark, but that higher weights were possible. In early on June 2012, off the declension of the Florida Keys near the western office of the Atlantic Ocean, a female person believed to mensurate at least 2.4 one thousand (viii ft) and 360–390 kg (800–850 lb) was caught by members of the R.J. Dunlap Marine Conservation Programme.[12] [xiii] In the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates, a pregnant shark weighing 347.eight kg (767 lb) and measuring 3 k (10 ft) long was caught in Feb 2019,[fifteen] [16] followed past some other specimen weighing about 350 kg (770 lb) and measuring about the same in length, in January 2020.[17] [18]

Distribution and habitat

The bull shark is ordinarily found worldwide in coastal areas of warm oceans, in rivers and lakes, and occasionally salt and freshwater streams if they are deep enough. It is found to a depth of 150 one thousand (490 ft), but does not usually swim deeper than thirty m (98 ft).[19] In the Atlantic, it is found from Massachusetts to southern Brazil, and from Morocco to Angola.

Populations of bull sharks are likewise plant in several major rivers, with more than 500 bull sharks thought to be living in the Brisbane River. One was reportedly seen swimming the flooded streets of Brisbane, Queensland, Commonwealth of australia, during the 2010–11 Queensland floods.[twenty] Several were sighted in 1 of the master streets of Goodna, Queensland, soon after the superlative of the January 2011, floods.[21] A large bull shark was caught in the canals of Scarborough, just northward of Brisbane within Moreton Bay. Still greater numbers are in the canals of the Gold Coast, Queensland.[22] In the Pacific Ocean, it can exist found from Baja California to Republic of ecuador.

The balderdash shark has traveled 4,000 km (2,500 mi) up the Amazon River to Iquitos in Republic of peru[23] and northward Bolivia.[2] It also lives in freshwater Lake Nicaragua, in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers of West Bengal, and Assam in Eastern Republic of india and adjoining People's republic of bangladesh.[ citation needed ] It can live in h2o with a high table salt content equally in St. Lucia Estuary in South Africa. Bull sharks have been recorded in the Tigris River since at least 1924 as far upriver as Baghdad.[24] The species has a distinct preference for warm currents.[ citation needed ]

After Hurricane Katrina, many bull sharks were sighted in Lake Pontchartrain.[25] Bull sharks have occasionally gone every bit far upstream in the Mississippi River equally Alton, Illinois,[26] and up the Ohio River as far every bit Manchester, Ohio.[27] Balderdash sharks accept besides been found in the Potomac River in Maryland.[28] [29] A golf course lake at Carbook, Logan City, Queensland, Australia is the home to several bull sharks. They were trapped following a flood of the Logan and Albert Rivers in 1996.[30] The golf class has capitalized on the novelty and now hosts a monthly tournament called the "Shark Lake Challenge".[31]

Behavior

Freshwater tolerance

The bull shark is the best known of 43 species of elasmobranch in 10 genera and iv families to accept been reported in fresh water.[32] Other species that enter rivers include the stingrays (Dasyatidae, Potamotrygonidae and others) and sawfish (Pristidae). Some skates (Rajidae), smoothen dogfishes (Triakidae), and sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) regularly enter estuaries.[ citation needed ]

The bull shark is diadromous, pregnant they can swim between common salt and fresh water with ease.[33] These fish also are euryhaline fish, able to adjust to a wide range of salinities. The balderdash shark is i of the few cartilaginous fishes that have been reported in freshwater systems. Many of the euryhaline fish are bony fish such as salmon and tilapia and are non closely related to bull sharks. Evolutionary assumptions can be made to help explicate this sort of evolutionary disconnect, 1 being that the balderdash shark encountered a population clogging that occurred during the last ice age.[34] This bottleneck may have separated the balderdash shark from the residuum of the Elasmobranchii bracket and favored the genes for an osmoregulatory system.

Elasmobranchs' ability to enter fresh h2o is limited considering their blood is ordinarily at least every bit salty (in terms of osmotic force) every bit seawater through the accumulation of urea and trimethylamine oxide, simply bull sharks living in fresh water show a significantly reduced concentration of urea within their blood.[35] Despite this, the solute limerick (i.e. osmolarity) of a balderdash shark in fresh h2o is even so much college than that of the external surround. This results in a big influx of water beyond the gills due to osmosis and loss of sodium and chloride from the shark's torso. However, bull sharks in fresh water possess several organs with which to maintain advisable table salt and water rest; these are the rectal gland, kidneys, liver, and gills. All elasmobranchs have a rectal gland which functions in the excretion of excess salts accumulated every bit a outcome of living in seawater. Bull sharks in freshwater environments decrease the table salt-excretory activity of the rectal gland, thereby conserving sodium and chloride.[36] The kidneys produce large amounts of dilute urine, simply also play an of import part in the active reabsorption of solutes into the blood.[36] The gills of balderdash sharks are likely to be involved in the uptake of sodium and chloride from the surrounding fresh water,[37] whereas urea is produced in the liver as required with changes in environmental salinity.[38] Recent piece of work as well shows that the differences in density of fresh water to that of marine waters upshot in significantly greater negative buoyancies in sharks occupying fresh water, resulting in increasing costs of living in fresh water. Bull sharks caught in freshwater have later on been shown to have lower liver densities than sharks living in marine waters. This may reduce the added cost of greater negative buoyancy.[39]

Bull sharks are able to regulate themselves to alive in either fresh or salt water. It can live in fresh water for its unabridged life, but this does non happen, mostly due to the reproductive needs of the shark. Immature bull sharks leave the brackish h2o in which they are built-in and motility out into the sea to breed. Whilst information technology is theoretically possible for balderdash sharks to live purely in fresh h2o, experiments conducted on bull sharks found that they died within four years. The tummy was opened and all that was found were 2 small, unidentifiable fishes. The cause of death could accept been starvation since the primary food source for bull sharks resides in salt water.[40]

In a research experiment, the bull sharks were plant to be at the mouth of an estuary for the majority of the fourth dimension.[33] They stayed at the oral fissure of the river contained of the salinity of the water. The driving factor for a bull shark to exist in fresh or table salt water, however, is its historic period; as the bull shark ages, its tolerance for very low or high salinity increases.[33] The majority of the newborn or very young bull sharks were constitute in the freshwater area, whereas the much older balderdash sharks were found to be in the saltwater areas, equally they had adult a much better tolerance for the salinity.[33] Reproduction is i of the reasons why developed bull sharks travel into the river—it is thought to be a physiological strategy to meliorate juvenile survival and a way to increase overall fettle of bull sharks.[33] The young are not built-in with a high tolerance for high salinity, and so they are born in fresh water and stay there until they are able to travel out.

Initially, scientists thought the sharks in Lake Nicaragua belonged to an owned species, the Lake Nicaragua shark (Carcharhinus nicaraguensis). In 1961, following specimen comparisons, taxonomists synonymized them.[41] Balderdash sharks tagged inside the lake accept afterward been caught in the open bounding main (and vice versa), with some taking every bit few every bit seven to 11 days to complete the journey.[41]

Nutrition

The balderdash shark's diet consists mainly of bony fish and small-scale sharks, including other bull sharks,[4] and stingrays. Their diet can also include turtles, birds, dolphins, terrestrial mammals, crustaceans, and echinoderms. They hunt in murky waters where it is harder for the casualty to meet the shark coming.[two] [42] [43] Bull sharks have been known to use the crash-land-and-seize with teeth technique to attack their prey. After the starting time initial contact, they continue to seize with teeth and tackle prey until the prey is unable to flee.[44]

The bull shark is a lone hunter, though may briefly pair with another bull shark to make hunting and tricking prey easier.[45] [46]

Sharks are opportunistic feeders,[44] and the balderdash shark is no exception to this, as information technology is part of the Carcharhinus family of sharks. Normally, sharks eat in short bursts, and when nutrient is scarce, sharks digest for a much longer period of fourth dimension in order to avoid starvation.[44] As part of their survival mechanism, bull sharks will regurgitate the food in their stomachs in order to escape from a predator. This is a distraction tactic; if the predator moves to eat the regurgitated food the bull shark can use the opportunity to escape.[47]

Reproduction

Bull sharks mate during late summer and early autumn,[9] ofttimes in freshwater[48] or in the brackish water of river mouths. After gestating for 12 months, a bull shark may requite birth to i to 13 alive young.[ix] [49]

They are viviparous, born live and free-swimming. The young are near 70 cm (27.6 in) at nascency. The bull shark does not rear its immature; the young bull sharks are built-in into apartment, protected areas.[49] Coastal lagoons, river mouths, and other low-salinity estuaries are common plant nursery habitats.[four]

The male bull shark is able to begin reproducing around the age of 15 years while the female person cannot begin reproducing until the age of 18 years.[49] The size of a fully matured female bull shark to produce feasible eggs for fertilization seems to be 175 cm to 235 cm. The courting routine between bull sharks has not been observed in item as of yet. The male likely bites the female on the tail until she can turn upside down and the male tin can copulate at that point. Mature females commonly have scratches from the mating process.[50]

Bull sharks have an unusual migratory blueprint in comparing to other sharks. They are constitute in rivers all over the world. They give birth in the fresh h2o of rivers. The immature balderdash sharks are free from predators while they grow up in the river before they go out to the sea to find mates.[51]

The power to be able to survive in both fresh and table salt water besides gives another benefit that has been driven past development. Because the majority of sharks are simply able to survive in salt water, the bull shark has evolved to have their offspring in the fresh water where other sharks cannot enter.[52] The freshwater acts as a protective area where the young are able to abound and mature without the threat of larger sharks preying on the younger bull sharks.[52] This is an caption for the behavior that is observed from the bull sharks every bit to why there would be any reason for the developed bull shark to ever travel into a freshwater surface area despite being able to tolerate the high salinity of marine water.

Interactions with humans

Photo of bull shark in shallow water

Since bull sharks oft dwell in very shallow waters, are establish in many types of habitats, are territorial by nature, and have no tolerance for provocation, they may be more unsafe to humans than whatsoever other species of shark.[19] Along with the tiger shark and great white shark, bull sharks are 1 of the three shark species well-nigh likely to seize with teeth humans.[v]

One or several balderdash sharks may have been responsible for the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, which were the inspiration for Peter Benchley'southward novel Jaws.[53] The speculation of bull sharks peradventure being responsible is based on two fatal bites occurring in brackish and fresh water.

Bull sharks have attacked swimmers effectually the Sydney Harbour inlets.[54] In India, bull sharks swim up the Ganges, Bramaputra, Mahanadi and other Indian rivers and have bitten bathers. Many of these seize with teeth incidents were attributed to the Ganges shark, Glyphis gangeticus, a critically endangered river shark species, although the sand tiger shark was also blamed during the 1960s and 1970s. Balderdash sharks have also attacked humans off the coast of Florida.[55]

Visual cues

Behavioral studies have confirmed that sharks can take visual cues to discriminate betwixt unlike objects. The bull shark is able to discriminate between colors of mesh netting that is present underwater. It was found that bull sharks tended to avoid mesh netting of bright colors rather than colors that blended in with the water. Brilliant yellow mesh netting was found to be hands avoided when it was placed in the path of the bull shark. This was found to be the reason that sharks are attracted to bright xanthous survival gear rather than ones that were painted black.[51]

Energy conservation

In 2008, researchers tagged and recorded the movements of young bull sharks in the Caloosahatchee River estuary. They were testing to find out what determined the movement of the young balderdash sharks.[56] It was found that the young bull sharks synchronously moved downriver when the environmental conditions inverse.[56] This large movement of young bull sharks were constitute to exist moving every bit a response rather than other external factors such equally predators. The movement was found to be directly related to the bull shark conserving energy for itself. One way the balderdash shark is able to conserve free energy is that when the tidal period changes, the bull shark uses the tidal menstruation in order to conserve energy as it moves downriver.[56] Another way for the bull shark to conserve energy is to decrease the corporeality of energy needed to osmoregulate the surrounding environment.[56]

Environmental

Humans are the biggest threat to bull sharks. Larger sharks, such as the tiger shark and great white shark, may attack them, but typically just target juveniles.[four] Crocodiles may be a threat to bull sharks in rivers too. Saltwater crocodiles accept been observed preying on bull sharks in the rivers and estuaries of Northern Australia,[57] and a Nile crocodile was reportedly sighted consuming a balderdash shark in South Africa.[58]

See as well

  • Outline of sharks
  • List of sharks
  • List of fatal, unprovoked shark attacks in the United States past decade

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External links

  • Bull shark at Curlie
  • "Carbrook Golf Society, Australia - Bull Sharks in the Water Risk". Golfing Globe. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 Nov 2021. (v min 23 2d video with audio)
  • Photos of Balderdash shark on Sealife Collection

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark

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